Egalitarianism and the Cash Economy among the Central...

Egalitarianism and the Cash Economy among the Central Kalahari San Jiro Tanaka’s research on the Central Kalahari San explored the changes in the San society and determined the overall effects on the culture. Tanaka looked at a group of people who had recently switched from a hunting and gathering existence to a more sedentary way of life. She found that though there were differences in the everyday lives of the San, they were able to preserve their language, cultural identity, and egalitarian ideals. Tanaka attributes the changes in the San society to influences by the government and Christian missionaries in the 1970s. Tanaka’s research, which occurred in the 1980s, found that the San’s views on labor, the way goods were†¦show more content†¦This also meant that goats, horses, foodstuffs, clothes, cooking supplies and other goods took on a new monitory value. It also created economic inequality amongst the group because it was possible for some members to have more money than others. The idea of being paid wages for work also changed the San’s conception of labor. Before the existence of wage labor, work such as hunting and gathering, caring for children, performing household chores, etc. was inseparable from play. However, when wage labor was introduced, it became a separate activity, which separated one person’s skills from another person’s abilities. Many of the features of the modern San society as explored by Tanaka seem to undermine the egalitarian ideals. However, Tanaka found ways in which the San were able to preserve their system of equality. One such example is in the hunting process. The bow-and-arrow method allowed even those who did not kill the animal to share in the hunting by making or receiving the arrow. However, the equestrian system meant that only those who could afford horses could hunt, and it became difficult to distribute meat amongst such large settlements of people. Perhaps in response to this, Tanaka found an increase in popularity of spear hunting with dogs. Though this method was not as efficient as equestrian hunting, it allowed the San to distribute the meat more equally. Tanaka

Football Accident Free Essays

Period 5 11/1/12 Unthinkable When I look at my life, and I think about the hardest things for me to overcome, I would have to say, the ultimate being, telling my mother and father that I would be sitting out of football my senior year of high school. Most would say how could this possibly be something that you would find challenging, but then you don’t know my mother and father. I started playing sports, football, in particular, at the age of 7. We will write a custom essay sample on Football Accident or any similar topic only for you Order Now I was kind of a chunky little kid, even had a funny gait when I ran, but you couldn’t tell that if you talked to my parents. To my mom and dad, I was a superstar. I started playing flag football through the YMCA program, and then moved up to Pop Warner. Here’s the crazy part. My mom or dad came to every practice, and every game, rain or shine. I think I was the only kid that knew one of my parents would be on the sidelines, whether at practice or a game. Now to be honest, those were tough years for me, as most times, my parents would be watching me sitting on the bench, because I did not get to play very often. During those years, I put on a brave face and never let my parents know how embarrassed I was and how I felt I let them down. The crazy part was, when my parents met with other player’s parents, they talked about me like I was the star of the team, never made me feel bad for not playing in a game. Again, come rain or shine, they were always there for me. Those were tough years for me. Every coach found a reason why I just wasn’t ready to be a starting player. Then something really incredible happened during my 7th grade year. This didn’t start off incredible, in fact, it was quite humiliating. Everyone that wanted to try out for the 7th grade football team met after school one day. Here were all the players and parents that I had been playing with for the last six years, and as the kid that sat on the bench most of the time, you can imagine, I was the odd man out. All these parents bragging about their own kids, the great plays, the touchdowns, but there stood my mom and dad, proud as ever. They were with their superstar. As the three of us stood there together, my father later told me that it was one of the most intimidating days he’d had in a long time, looking at the parents of the kids that got to play. My mother told me to do the best I could do, and my day would come. My dad always said because he wasn’t a coach or assistant coach on these teams, I didn’t get a fair chance, but in my heart, I just didn’t think I was a great player. Good, yes, but not great. Tryouts came and went, and once again, I assumed I would be a bench warmer. As I said earlier, this turned out to be an incredible year, and something happened that I never expected. Now that I look back, I still have to ask myself, â€Å"Did that really happen? †   Ã‚   All of the kids I played football with throughout the years were, of course, picked for the starting positions. Some of these very kids have made headlines in the last couple of years, but let’s get back to me. One cold dark evening, my Hedrick team was playing the Talent Bulldogs and one of the kids that normally played the wide receiver position was sick that day. The coach asked me to step in and give it a try. I can’t describe the butterflies in my stomach. My hands and knees shook and my heart began to race. I finally was given a chance and I was terrified. Well, guess what? Not only did I catch the ball and run it in for an 80 touchdown yard touchdown, but I did this game and game again. After gaining the starting wide receiver position, I gained the starting linebacker position and proved my dominance once again on the field. At the end of the season, I was voted Most Valuable Player for both offense and defense for not only junior varsity but for varsity as well. Now, with that said, you can only imagine my parents. Their son going from a bench player to the number one player on both teams. My parents would run down the sidelines, whooping it up as I ran the ball. They finally had the superstar they’d been waiting for. Over the next few years, my playing improved, and I had moved to high school ball. Playing varsity for north as a freshman, and just like before, my parents did not miss a practice or game, even if it meant driving a few hundred miles. My parents and especially my dad kept waiting for my next big break, my time to shine. Then in my junior year, I found myself transferred to a new school, tried out and actually made the Varsity football team. My parents were so proud of me, and I was proud of myself. I don’t know who was more excited, me or my parents. My parents were on Cloud Nine, talking about nothing but football and Friday Night Lights. It was an exciting time of my life. The coach tried me out at Outside Linebacker, because of my speed, strength, and my ability to get around the offensive line. Then the unthinkable happened at practice. I was sent in on a blitz, and hit the offensive lineman with my shoulder. It felt like my arm had been ripped from its socket as I writhed on the ground in pain. The trainers ran over and rushed me to the hospital. I never would have guessed in a million years what a fateful day that would be. My shoulder was completely out of its socket, the tendons and ligaments torn. The most important year of my life had just been stripped away from me. Not only was surgery required, but months of physical therapy. My orthopedic doctor told me I could no longer play football without risking irreparable damage. I never told my parents this, and the doctor never told them. I kept that dream of Friday night lights in my parent’s hearts until I should have been signing up for football camp. This is when I had to tell them what the doctor said, and there would be no football in my life, no letter, no photos, and no glory. To me, this was the hardest day of my life. On this day, I knew I was breaking my parent’s hearts. Everything they had looked forward to for my senior year of football was gone. I played the game, but they had lived the sport. Something died this day, maybe just a dream of mine, but it seemed so much more. Like a part of me was left on the field that sad day that I suffered my injury. To this day I day dream of the achievements I could have over came if I had no suffered that injury. Maybe one day when I have kids I will be able to live my football career through my future son†¦ but until that day comes I’m stuck watching in the stands How to cite Football Accident, Essay examples

Have Faith in Yourself free essay sample

I dont think anyone is going to send you money, Jessica, people just arent that kind, said my mother, who doubted my entire endeavor. I was shocked and taken aback by such a comment. But youre wrong. People are kind, and there has to be at least one person who will be generous enough to send me money, I argued. My mother sighed and shook her head. Last fall I sent 200 letters to businesses, doctors and friends asking for sponsorship so I could attend the National Youth Leadership Forum on Medicine. Everyone doubted my efforts and I heard every excuse why people would be too busy to help me. Its a bad time of year. The holidays are right around the corner, said my grandma. These people dont even know you.Do you honestly think a stranger will send you money? asked my friends.Why put yourself through all this disappointment. We will write a custom essay sample on Have Faith in Yourself or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Just forget it,said my grandfather. I decided not to listen. The best thing I could do was attend the Forum and learn more about my future career I waited weeks for my first response, which came from a bank. I was thrilled to see a letter on the dining room table and tore it open. Dear Jessica, it read. At this time our bank does not offer aid to students, but we wish you luck and success in your project. My heart sank. I was rejected. I grasped the chair and looked at my grandpa. Well? he asked. He should have been able to tell from my disappointed face. Here, I said, as I handed him the letter and trudged upstairs to my room. I flung myself on my bed and sulked. But then I realized what I was doing. Dont get depressed over this, I thought. Its only one rejection. Cheer up. Someone will send you money. I rushed home every day the next two weeks. As soon as I was in the door, I yelled, Any mail for me? I usually heard, No mail, Jess, and my hopes plummeted more every time. With the deadline approaching, I had no money. I was starting to face the truth I was wrong. I was floating on a cloud of false hopes and silly dreams. I wouldnt get the money I needed. People are heartless. But one day, I came home and heard four beautiful words,Jessica, you have mail. I had not one letter but two. I opened them to find each had a check for $50. My faith was restored and my hopes skyrocketed.I was $100 richer! I jumped around the room, hugging and kissing my parents. Some people really cared. The cash flow didnt stop there. I ended up with nearly half the tuition and was able to pay the rest myself to attend the Forum.I also received more rejections, but it didnt bother me. I learned that rejection is part of life and Ill always have to deal with it. This fundraising experience taught me so much I have the strength to persist and giving to people is important. When I see people trying to raise money, I offer whatever I have to make their work a little easier.

Motivating Employees as the First Step to the Organisation Growth

Introduction The success of any organisation depends solely on the contribution of the employees. Employees are the most essential element of an organisation, and thus managers should put the needs of the workers ahead of theirs in order to ensure smooth running of an organisation. Motivating employees is the first step to ensuring that they give maximum contribution to the growth of an organisation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivating Employees as the First Step to the Organisation Growth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are various ways of motivating employees, which include good salaries and remunerations, promotion, recognition and rewarding, leadership style, and off-duty times among other benefits. However, different cultures dictate different ways of motivating employees. Diversity in the world cultures directly relates to differences in the organisational cultures in different parts of the wo rld. For instance, the workaholic Japanese culture is different from the American working culture of almost eight hours a day. Hence, a Japanese employee is motivated in a different style from an American employee, who does not work for long hours. Employees are human beings and so are the organisational managers; therefore, managers should always respect their rights at all cost for the benefits of the organisational success. According to the international labour treaties, employees have the right to demand better working conditions, and if not provided by the employer, they can take the matter to the industrial courts. However, some nations do not adhere to that legal requirement; instead, they have their own labour laws that deprive employees of the right to demand better working conditions. Such nations put much attention to economic growth, which they achieve while retaining poor GDPs for employees are economically poor. Among such nations are China and the UAE that stress on e mployees’ contribution while on the other hand they pay low salaries and deprive them the right to ask for more from their employers. Literature Review According to Lipman (2013), a management and corporate life writer at Forbes, there are five ways to motivate and five ways to de-motivate employees. Factors that motivate employees include aligning employee’s economic interests with the performance of the organisation. Daft (2008) notes, managers should understand that an organisation achieves good performance from employees’ contribution, and thus the management team should offer incentives for workers’ contribution. Lipman (203) feels that this move would allow employees to feel part of the company’s success and hence motivate them to work harder in the future. In addition, managers ought to take interest in the future growth of the employees’ career. Employers who mind about the direction of career of their workers makes them feel motivat ed.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the Kuwait Times (2013), most of employees in Kuwait offer career development programs that motivate employees and make them feel part of growing organisations. It is interesting to know that organisations that offer career development programs to their employees give way to innovation and quality production, and hence are more competitive than those that do not offer such opportunities to their employees (Kuwait Times 2013). Willmore (2009) is of the opinion that managers and employers should uphold work-life balance in their employees’ lives. This factor reminds the employers that employees are humans with greater life responsibilities beyond their contribution to the organisations that they work for, and thus their lives should be respected. Doyle (2005) adds that respecting employees’ lives requires that they have enough time to spearhead other responsibilities that lie ahead of their lives. According to Podmoroff (2005), this move may appear as a small gesture to an organisation, but it has a remarkable impact to the overall growth of an organisation that depends on the contribution of the employees. Kehoe and Alston (2007) emphasise that employees appreciate working with an employer who understands their lives beyond the scope of the organisation. For instance, managers should send representatives to employees’ family functions such as weddings or funeral ceremonies. Managers and employees should have effective industrial management skills in their organisation for this requirement, according to Lipman (2013) is a crucial element of ensuring good relationship between employees and their employers. Kehoe and Alston (2007) add that industrial management offer platform for dispute management within an organisation and emphasises on the establishment of effective communication chan nels in an organisation. In any working environment, there has to be issues that demand deliberation between employees and their employers. Hence, it is important for employers to listen to employees whenever they have issues that call for attention. The most effective way of ensuring effective communication, according to Daft (2008), is the establishment of flat communication structure that does not demand hierarchical protocols. Protocols often frustrate employees’ efforts to have managers listen to their grievances and thus it is prudent for managers to lessen them for communication purposes. Employers and managers ought to treat their employees in a respectful way, as they would like to have them treat them back (Doyle 2005). Employees are often very respectable persons and hardly do they offend their managers and employers. On the other hand, managers and employers are not often respectful to employees and they often mistreat them. This factor requires that managers and employees be respectable persons to their subordinates, who in this case are employees, and treat them in a respectable manner.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivating Employees as the First Step to the Organisation Growth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, according to the Lipman (2013), factors that de-motivate employees include abuse of managerial or supervision positions by managers and supervisors over their subordinates. This trend has an inverse relation with the fifth factor of motivating employees. This analogy applies in all areas where human relations apply and especially in the working conditions. A humble supervisor gets along well with his or her subordinates, and on the other hand, an arrogant supervisor always has problems with subordinates (Daft 2008). Arrogant supervisors and managers do not take matters related to their subordinates seriously, and hence thus they annoy the employees. On realising that they ignore their matters, employees tend to use other ill mechanisms for retaliation, which include go-slow protesting and striking among others that lead to poor performance of an organisation. Hence, managers and supervisors should avoid abusing the powers bestowed to them over the rights and needs of their subordinates. Shallal (2011) notes that managers often take advantage of a successful project of an employee, which often takes place in innovative projects, whereby employees work tirelessly in ensuring that they develop a product that will boast competiveness of an organisation. After a successful breakthrough, the project receives credit and often some managers take credit as theirs, which really should not belong to them. Willmore (2009) warns that such an action is humiliating and unethical, and often demoralises the employees hence they fail to exercise their innovativeness for fear of denial of their credit by their bosses. In addition, mana gers and supervisors often lose temper, hence de-motivating their subordinates. Willmore (2009) holds that loyalty belongs to the persons that are capable of retaining their temper even at difficult situations. Losing temper is a clear indicator of dictatorship and pride and thus managers and supervisors should avoid it at all cost. It is difficult for an individual to think outside the box after losing temper and thus difficult to develop solutions to the pressing problems. Employees feel humiliated and demoralised when associating with a tempered boss as it is difficult to reason with him or her when a problem arises (Migrant Forum in Asia 2009). The failure by managers and supervisors to stand up for their subordinates or organisation when under an external attack causes de-motivation to employees.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Employees should enjoy the protection of an organisation provided the threat under question is beyond the control of an employee. For instance, an organisation should take responsibility of an accident case involving its vehicle, but not leave it on the hands of the driver. Failing to take responsibility would de-motivate the driver and worst still the reputation of an organisation to the public. Lastly, failure by managers and supervisors to praise their subordinates after doing a commendable job causes de-motivation. Kehoe and Alston (2007) posit that human beings like praises when it is due and they work hard to achieve it whenever there is an opportunity. Working environments offers numerous opportunities for praises, and thus employees work hard for praises from their bosses after making great achievements. After great achievements, bosses’ failure to recognise and praise the workers greatly-demoralises them and worst still leads to inferiority complex. Therefore, Podmor off (2005) insists that it is important to acknowledge employees’ achievements for it motivates them to work harder for more praises, which translates to improved performance of an organisation. Immigrant Women Employees in UAE Policies governing rights of women immigrants Over the recent past, there have been numerous cases of poor working conditions of women immigrants and abuse by their foreign employers in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The introduction of the international law in 2004 intended to curb the ill behaviours of employers who abused the rights of immigrant women workers. The UAE is an Islamic cultural region and thus its culture does not allow women to exercise some rights as men do; hence, conflict between employers and immigrant women workers, especially those belonging to different religions and cultures. The UAE Ministry of State and Federal Council Affairs (2008) published a report on the development of the UAE in the handling of women in social affairs after the region ranked 29th among 177 nations. The report titled â€Å"Women in the United Arab Emirates: A Portrait of Progress† outlined the developments and challenges that faced status of women in the region (Omair Katlin 2009). According to a report, by Migrant Forum in Asia (2009), submitted to the Committee on Elimination of Discrimination against Women, more that 70 per cent of women workers in the region are immigrants with Philippines leading with the highest number. The majority of migrant women secure employment as domestic staff in the UAE region. However, the secluded environment that surrounds their work exposes them to the abuses of their employers. Their employers often abuse them â€Å"sexually, withholding their passports, physical abuse and assaults, mobility restrictions, and deaths in the worst-case scenarios† (Migrant Forum Asia 2009, p.7). Victims lack access to justice due to lack of a legal frameworks that deal with such cases in the region. The aforementioned report, acknowledged some notable progress in the way government dealt with cases involving abuse of women immigrant workers by their bosses. However, foreign states had pressured the government to offer legal mechanisms that offer protection to their citizens who worked in the region. Since the introduction of laws that allowed women immigrants the right to transfer employers under valid contracts, cases of abuses have reduced significantly. Issues surrounding women migrant workers in the UAE Exclusion from labour law Unfortunately, the UAE labour legislations do not recognise migrant house servants. However, they fall under the Ministry of Interior, in the Department of Immigration. The exclusion from the labour laws deprives them of the right to demand labour justice in the industrial courts, which seems as slavery for employers take matters on their hands without fear of the law. Domestic workers are important employees for their services allow employers to a ttend to other economically positive affairs. Hence, employees need the government’s protection just like their employers (Dhal 2012). The government ought to ensure that domestic workers have access to good working conditions. The Migrant Forum Asia (2009) suggests that employees should have good houses, access to communication facilities, mobility rights, and regular inspection of their working conditions. These elements would motivate domestic workers to give their best to the needs of their bosses for there would be a good working relation between the two parties. Temporary labour migration The international labour law allows for easy transfer of employers without deportation; however, the UAE banned the law claiming that domestic workers could become intolerable if allowed to transfer freely from one employer to another. The argument is valid for the sake of security of both the employee and employer, but places a domestic worker at a highly vulnerable position to the ab use of an employer (Suliman Al-Sabri 2009). The government ought to find ways of regulating the movement of domestic workers and allow them to change their employers freely in case of dispute. A corporate employee has the freedom to transfer at will regardless of the nature of existing relationship between him or her and the employer. Hence, the government should extend the same requirements to a domestic worker who is equally important as the corporate worker for the development of the region. Shockingly, skilled domestic workers such as teachers, nurses, and graduates are exempted from some restrictions, which indicates a high level of discrimination and worst still a growing level of slavery in the region. Human Trafficking and Illegal Recruitment There has been a rise in the number of unscrupulous employment agencies associated with the UAE employers in third world countries across Africa and Asia. These agencies take advantage of the economic status of women and promise good w orking conditions in Dubai and Kuwait among other prestigious parts of the UAE. Worst still, these agencies do not comply with the international labour movement agencies that require them to undergo safety screen before conducting their business. Human trafficking is a serious crime across the UAE; hence, those agencies do not assure their victims of foreign safety, and thus they simply damp insecure workers at the hands of employers and never care about them afterwards. Regrettably, those agencies pressure the migrant women to surrender their travelling documents to their bosses, and thus losing contact with their contact individuals and embassies. Additionally, there have been cases of illegal border crossing into the UAE whereby illegal employment agencies channel their victims through into the region. Conclusion and Recommendations Workers require motivation for them to give maximum contribution to the welfare of an organisation. On the other hand, employers should not consider efforts that would motivate their employees as a burden, but rather as an investment worth venturing for the benefit of an organisation. Employees are human beings and just like their employers and bosses they deserve human respect and dignity at all cost. In addition, employers should ensure that employees have a sense of belonging to the welfare of an organisation. Hence, they are part of an organisation’s success, and thus the employers should reward them for contributing to the success of an organisation by offering them incentives among other benefits. Such a move would enhance employees’ motivation and hence they will offer greater contributions to the success of an organisation. In recommendation, employers should value their employers in the same way that they want to be valued. Governments also should contribute in enhancing good employee-employer relationship by introducing laws that prohibit discrimination and abuse of employees’ rights. The governmen ts, at all levels of employments, should enhance industrial relations so that employees may have a right to demand their rights through legal framework mechanisms. In the case of the UAE, migrants need protection through legal mechanisms, and thus respective governments across the region should enact laws that govern workers’ rights at the hands of local employers. For employers who defy labour laws, the government should punish them decisively for they do not only tarnish the image of the UAE in the international arena, but they destroy international relations with the countries where migrant workers belong. Reference List Daft, R. 2008, The leadership experience, Cengage Learning, Mason. Dhal, S. 2012, Employees who employ dirty tricks. Web. Doyle, S. 2005, The manager’s pocket guide to motivating employees, HRD Press, Amherst, MA. Kehoe, D. Alston, D. 2007, Motivating Employees: 25 action-based articles showing you how to engage your people in peak performance, McG raw Hill, New York. Kuwait Times 2013, Work life balance ‘most motivating factor’ for employees in Kuwait. Web. Lipman, V. 2013, 5 easy ways to motivate- and demotivate- employees. Web. Migrant Forum in Asia 2009, Women Migrant Workers in the UAE: not quite in the portrait. Web. Omair, C. Katlin, G. 2009, ‘Women executives; Gender; Clothing; Middle East. Gender in Management’, An International Journal, vol. 24 no.6, pp. 412-431. Podmoroff, D. 2005, Three hundred and sixty-five ways to motivate and reward your employees every day– with little or no money, Atlantic Publishing Company, Florida. Shallal, M. 2011, ‘Job satisfaction among women in the United Arab Emirates’, Journal of International Women’s Studies, vol. 12 no.3, pp. 114-134. Suliman, A. Al-Sabri, N. 2009, ‘Surviving through the global downturn: Employee motivation and performance in healthcare industry’, The open business journal, vol. 9 no. 2, pp. 86-94. UAE Ministry of State and Federal Council Affairs 2008, Women in the United Arab Emirates: a portrait of progress. Web. Willmore, J. 2009, No Magic Bullet: Seven Steps to Better Performance, American Society for training and Development, Alexandria. This essay on Motivating Employees as the First Step to the Organisation Growth was written and submitted by user Jillian Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Project management Essay Example

Project management Essay Example Project management Essay Project management Essay Monitor Manpower efficiency wastage of material. ? Monitoring of site implementation following the checklist provided by Client. ? Review Drawings, Specifications and co-ordinate all necessary inspection during course of job. ? Assist in technical meetings with Client when needed. ? Required Material deliveries on site properly. ? Site visits to check the quality of work. ? Analyzing Logistical problems and producing new solutions. ? Maintain and provide records and reports. Plan and implement all activities for acquiring supplies, services, tools, equipments and material as required to support contract operations. ? Joint survey with Client to evaluate additional item to review the progress of work. ? Providing technical support to Sub Engineers / Supervisors if required. ? Analyze Survey reports, As-built drawings and other geological data o plan the Projects. ? Supervision of Site binders preparation and documentation. ? To make sure the successful PAT and Quality Checklist during PAT. ? Manage daily activities related to Engineering works. Quality check of all civil works prior to forwarding inspection request to Consultant. ? Work with Finance Department to ensure the smooth flow of finance for the Projects. ? I am responsible for the day-to-day oversight of the Contractor to ensure compliance with the terms, conditions and requirements of the Contract. ? Handling of Contractor’s workers issues. ? Ensure the Acceptance or Unacceptability of services/materials/equipment required under the Contract by the Contractor. ? Monitor Contractors performance to ensure quality of service. Development of policies, procedures and goals for area of responsibility. ? Supervising tendering procedures and putting together proposals.FEBRUARY 2005 TO SEPTEMBER 2005 COMPANY: LCC Siporex LOCATION: Riyadh – Saudi Arabia DESIGNATION: Sales Engineer PROJECT: Sales PRODUCT: Light Weight Blocks and Panels RESPONSIBILITIES: ? Responsible for development and delivery of product demonstrations. Responsible for representing the product to customers and at field events such as conferences, seminars, etc ? Able to respond to functional and technical elements of Product. ? Able to convey customer requirements to Product Management teams. ? Able to travel throughout sales territory. ? Developing and growing long-term relationships with customers. ? Persuading clients that a product or service best satisfies their needs in terms of Quality, Price and Delivery. ? Analyzing costs and sales. ? Supporting marketing activities by attending trade shows, conferences nd other marketing events. ? Supervising and helping in the Design / Drawings of custom-made products. ? Recording and maintaining client contact data. FEBRUARY 2004 TO FEBRUARY 2005 COMPANY: AMAQ Contracting Company LOCATION: Riyadh – Saudi Arabia DESIGNATION: Site Engineer PROJECT: Building Construction RenovationCLIENT: Riyadh Bank Samba Bank RESPONSIBILITIES: Liaise with drafting coordinator for detail drawing preparation. ? Assigning of duties to Supervisors, technical staff labors. ? Negotiating and coordination skills with Consultant, colleagues and contractors. ? Making judgments and solving problems. ? Managing budgets and other project resources. ? Compiling, checking and approving reports. ? Adopting all relevant requirements around issues such as building permits, environmental regulations, sanitary design, good manufacturing practices and safety on all work assignments. Ensuring that a project runs smoothly and that the structure is completed on time and within budget. ? Managing change, as the client may change his or her mind about the design, and identifying, formalizing and notifying relevant parties of changes in the project. ? Ensuring the quality of workmanship. ? Dealing with the logistics of materials, equipments etc used on site. ? Conveying of Material demand to Purchase Department. PROFESSIONAL INTERNSHIP: DECEMBER 2002 TO DECEMBER 2003 COMPANY: JHC (Pvt) Ltd.LOCATION: Multan – Pakistan DESIGNATION: Trainee Engineer PROJECT: Mosque Construction CLIENT: Bahauddin Zakariya University RESPONSIBILITIES: ? Estimation of Brick Work Concrete work. ? Checking and implementing various shop drawings. ? Submission of monthly progress report to Site Manager. ? Review Drawings and specifications to coordinate all necessary inspection during course of job. ? Perform any other duties as directly assign by the Site Manager.

Countries of Central America and the Caribbean

Countries of Central America and the Caribbean Central America is a region at the center of the two of the American continents. It fully lies in a tropical climate and has savanna, rainforest, and mountainous regions. Geographically, it represents the southernmost part of the North American continent and it contains an isthmus that connects North America to South America. Panama is the border between the two continents. At its narrowest point, the isthmus stretches only 30 miles (50 km)Â  wide. The mainland portion of the region consists of seven different countries, but 13 nations in the Caribbean are also normally counted as a part of Central America. Central America shares borders with Mexico to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the west, Colombia to the south and the Caribbean Sea to the east. The region is considered part of the developing world, which means it has issues in poverty, education, transportation, communications, infrastructure, and/or access to health care for its residents.The following is a list of the countries of Central America and the Caribbean arranged by area. For reference the countries on the mainland portion of Central America are marked with an asterisk (*). The 2017 population estimates and capitals of each country have also been included. All information was obtained from the CIA World Factbook. Central America and the CaribbeanCountries Nicaragua*Area: 50,336 square miles (130,370 sq km)Population:Â  6,025,951Capital: ManaguaHonduras*Area: 43,278 square miles (112,090 sq km)Population:Â  9,038,741Capital: TegucigalpaCubaArea: 42,803 square miles (110,860 sq km)Population:Â  11,147,407Capital: HavanaGuatemala*Area: 42,042 square miles (108,889 sq km)Population:Â  15,460,732Capital: Guatemala CityPanama*Area: 29,119 square miles (75,420 sq km)Population:Â  3,753,142Capital: Panama CityCosta Rica*Area: 19,730 square miles (51,100 sq km)Population:Â  4,930,258Capital: San JoseDominican RepublicArea: 18,791 square miles (48,670 sq km)Population:Â  10,734,247Capital: Santo DomingoHaitiArea: 10,714 square miles (27,750 sq km)Population:Â  10,646,714Capital: Port au PrinceBelize*Area: 8,867 square miles (22,966 sq km)Population:Â  360,346Capital: BelmopanEl Salvador*Area: 8,124 square miles (21,041 sq km)Population:Â  6,172,011Capital: San SalvadorThe BahamasArea: 5,359 square miles (13,880 sq km)Population:Â  32 9,988Capital: NassauJamaicaArea: 4,243 square miles (10,991 sq km)Population:Â  2,990,561Capital: KingstonTrinidad and TobagoArea: 1,980 square miles (5,128 sq km)Population:Â  1,218,208Capital: Port of SpainDominicaArea: 290 square miles (751 sq km)Population:Â  73,897Capital: RoseauSaint LuciaArea: 237 square miles (616 sq km)Population:Â  164,994Capital: Castries Antigua and BarbudaArea: 170 square miles (442.6 sq km)Antigua area: 108 square miles (280Â  sq km); Barbuda: 62 square miles (161Â  sq km);Â  Redonda: .61 square miles (1.6 sq km)Population:Â  94,731Capital: Saint Johns BarbadosArea: 166 square miles (430 sq km)Population:Â  292,336Capital: BridgetownSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesArea: 150 square miles (389 sq km)Â  Saint Vincent area: 133 square miles (344 sq km)Population:Â  102,089Capital: KingstownGrenadaArea: 133 square miles (344 sq km)Population:Â  111,724Capital: Saint GeorgesSaint Kitts and NevisArea: 101 square miles (261 sq km)Saint Kitts area: 65 square miles (168 sq km); Nevis:Â   36 square miles (93 sq km)Population:Â  52,715Capital: Basseterre

Female Gangs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Female Gangs - Research Paper Example However, researches in the past two decades by the United States Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) indicate that the existence of female gangs can be traced back to the 1800s (Moore & Hagedorn, 2012). Their roles have evolved from being alibis, sex toys, drugs and weapon holders to full gang membership. Studies have been conducted on gangs because gangs are of social concern. This paper will research on and discuss female gangs in three aspects. First, it will discuss the origin of female gangs and what drives females into forming or joining gangs. Secondly, it will discuss different types of female gangs and thirdly, how they play into male gangs. Although some of the earlier generalizations about female gangs still apply, there have been tremendous changes in their activities with their growing numbers. The OJJDP noted a police report from Boston that described a female gang as a growingly autonomous organization that plans and commits crime without any help from males (Moore & Hagedorn, 2012). It was feared that in Boston young girls were quickly adopting gang life rituals in the early 1990s. To integrate into gangs or form their own, females imitate the behaviors of male gangs (Moore & Hagedorn, 2012). In a bid to be like the males, they coordinate and take part in criminal activities, wear tattoos and clothing related to gangs. They borrow characteristics and styles of the dominant male gangs including patterns of violence, preferred weapons and use of graffiti to pass a message or declare their existence and presence in neighborhoods. Becoming a member is either by choice or forced initiation (Moore & Hagedorn, 2012). Forced initiation is in the form of being jumped-in by gang members. On the other hand, females who opt into gangs by choice offer themselves to be used sexually by gang members in exchange of climbing up the hierarchy. However, those who are

Starbucks related to Pacific North West Research Paper

Starbucks related to Pacific North West - Research Paper Example To succeed in the Pacific Northwest market therefore, Starbucks must position itself strategically through knowing and understanding the needs of the customers in the region, particularly during hard economic times. This report therefore will be attempting to determine the most appropriate strategy for Starbucks to apply in this area, between the pricing and quality strategy, in efforts to retain its huge customer base during hard economic times (Kotelnikov 1). Considering the modern challenging economy plus the competitive business world, retention of the customer base is crucial for any business success, including Starbucks. If Starbucks fails in satisfying their customers fully, to encourage them to stay, competitors will take the opportunity to meet those needs, thus leading to increased customer turnover rates (Kotelnikov 1). This is a great risk to the company because customer satisfaction and retention drive profits. Managing the existing customer base moreover will cost less, while increasing sales, as compared to seeking new customers. Starbucks business relies heavily on repeat customer purchases and customer loyalty. The company must therefore devote in developing its customer experiences and loyalty. Starbuck thus has to be increasingly strategic in succeeding in different regions, and in this case, the Pacific Northwest market. Identifying the needs of this market will help the company in positioning itself strategically to win customer loyalty, thus retaining its huge customer base. Lowering the prices or continuing to develop the quality of its brand could be the two strategic options Starbuck can choose to succeed in this market (Auch-Roy 17). The Pricing Strategy: Starbucks needs to adjust its prices downwards as trends have shown that the company’s coffee is more price-elastic as compared to coffee demand,

Native Americans and Early American Colonists Essay Example for Free

Native Americans and Early American Colonists Essay Grade school and even beginning level college history classes have taught early American exploration from a largely one sided view of the conflict between early explorers and Native Americans. The traditional image of the Native Americans as the sole victims, is an oversimplification of the conflict that existed between early explorers, settlers and Native Americans. Through the readings from Columbus, Bradford and some selected Native American writings, the traditional view of the Native American victim will be challenged and a broader view of the conflict will be presented. Columbus set out to explore a new land under the Spanish flag to bring riches and fame to Spain and the throne. In his letter to Santangel, Columbus (1493) explained how he hoped to find â€Å"great cities† and â€Å"king[s]† but instead found a primitive people and settlements he described as â€Å"small hamlets† that he viewed quite devolved from the bustling civilizations of Europe (pg. 26). One can clearly see, that Columbus’s hopes of finding rich kingdoms and cultures were dashed; instead his presence was met with resistance from the â€Å"Indians†. This relationship with the natives was described by Baym et. all (2008) as â€Å"disordered and bloody† (pg. 25). These natives were mistreated even though one could argue that they â€Å"threw the first punch† but, as Baym et. all (2008) describes earlier in the chapter, the Natives were not merely victims. They strategically used alliances with explorers and settlers to further their own interests and disputes with warring tribes and peoples. William Bradford (1897) describes quite a different account of his coming to the new world. He was part of a group of â€Å"pilgrims† seeking religious freedom. He likens their arrival to the new world, to the story in Acts were the apostles are met with such aggression from barbarians â€Å"who were readier to fill their sides full of arrows† (pg. 60). Later on in his account, he describes an attack they received from the natives he described as â€Å"enemies† (pg. 64). Later on in his account, Bradford (1897) describes some awful events surrounding early accounts of settler and native interactions in which the Native Americans treated the english as â€Å"worse than slaves† and were sent around and â€Å"ma[d]e sport with† (pg. 70). One last important viewpoint to give credence to is that of the Natives themselves. This account is unique and oftentimes not told. The first story mentioned is that of the freeing of John Smith as a ceremonial act that the natives hoped would earn them respect from the English. This instead had the opposite effect and eventually brought about an attack from the natives which killed over 500 colonists. In a speech from Pontiac (1763) he expresses concern over his people forgetting their heritage and blaming the English for the polluting of his people’s culture and beliefs. He holds the English in complete responsibility and calls for their blood. The traditional view of the natives as the sole victim is an oversimplification of the problems revolving around immigration and cultural diversity. Just from these three personal accounts from the time period we have three very different views of the issue. So, to say that one peoples are the victim is a gross oversimplification and misrepresentation of history. Columbus, C. (1493). Letter to Luis de Santagel Regarding the First Voyage. In Baym, N. (Ed. ). (2008). The Norton Anthology of American Literature (seventh ed., pp. 24-28). New York, NY: W. W. Norton Company, Inc. Bradford, W. (1897). Of Plymouth Plantation. In Baym, N. (Ed. ). (2008). The Norton Anthology of American Literature (seventh ed. , pp. 57-74). New York, NY: W. W. Norton Company, Inc. Pontiac (1763). Speech at Detroit. In Baym, N. (Ed. ). (2008). The Norton Anthology of American Literature (seventh ed. , pp. 208-209). New York, NY: W. W. Norton Company, Inc. Baym, N. (Ed. ). (2008). The Norton Anthology of American Literature (seventh ed. , pp. 1-218). New York, NY: W. W. Norton Company, Inc.

Product Liability Essay -- essays research papers fc

In this age of endless lawsuits and litigation from everyone suing everyone else, one must ask the question â€Å"where does product liability end and consumer responsibility begin?† This question has been further complicated by occurrences that stretch to the most far-reaching ends of this spectrum, the spectrum ranging from strict product liability of the company to complete consumer responsibility. On the strict product liability of the company side, we have the cigarette industry where the CEOs of the largest cigarette companies denied that their product was liable for the cause of addiction. Almost all consumers know that the ingredient nicotine in cigarettes is addictive, due to extensive scientific testing and reports on this fact. What these CEO’s should have done was admit that they knew nicotine was addictive, and therefore made their product liable so as to give a fair warning to unknowing consumers. On the complete consumer responsibility side, we can exami ne the lawsuit where a man sued McDonald’s for over a million dollars because he spilled a cup of their coffee on his self and suffered burns. He claimed that McDonald’s was liable because there was not a warning on the lid that stated that the coffee was hot. In my opinion, this lawsuit should have never happened. The consumer is attempting to alleviate all of the responsibility from himself for spilling his coffee and pass it on to the producer of the product. Frivolous lawsuits such as this, as well as companies failing to consider the importance of product liability, have resulted in an increasing annual product liability bill. Last year alone $4 billion was spent on product liability lawsuits and settlements (McAdams, p.636). This staggering number suggests that maybe we need to reform our liability system. Ideally, we as a society would like to reach a happy medium between strict product liability of the company and complete consumer responsibility. If this occur red, lawsuits such as this would no longer drain our legal systems because an understanding would exist that the responsibility rests equally in both parties’ hands. However, that is an ideal situation, which rarely ever occurs in the real world. In the real world, tradeoffs must be made in order to reach equilibrium. These tradeoffs between strict product liability and consumer responsibility will be discussed in light of the situati... ...g to act, but just a little common sense should tell you that releasing a movie with the content such as Boyz N the Hood and only focusing on its negative themes will send the wrong message, especially in metro areas where crimes and gangs are prevalent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In an ideal world, consumers and companies would equally share the burdens of product liability and consumer responsibility. However, in the real world, we must make tradeoffs between these two. How we do this will not only affect our legal environment, but our economic and social environments as well. Works Cited Anonymous, Industrial Distribution, New York, April 2000, Volume 89, issue 4, p.36. Brostoff, Steven, National Underwriter, Chicago, September 2000, volume 104, issue 38,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  p.2 Eckert, Stephen, Marketing News, Chicago, April 2000, Volume 34, issue 9, p. 49. Giliberti, Frank, Marketing Management, Chicago, Winter 1999, Volume 8, issue 4, pp. 53-54. Lamnetti, David, The Business Lawyer, Chicago, February 2000, Volume 55, issue 2, p. 799. McAdams, Tony, Law, Business, and Society, Irwin/McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001, Sixth Edition, p. 636.

Economische En Sociale Geschiedenis

Samenvatting Economische en Sociale Geschiedenis 2013 INHOUD: 1. Samenvatting Boek â€Å"Before the Industrial Revolution† M. Cipolla 2. Kleine samenvatting Boek â€Å"Arm en Rijk† D. Landes 3. Samenvatting algemene hoorcolleges: Migratie & Interbellum 1. Samenvatting Boek â€Å"Before the Industrial Revolution† M. Cipolla Part I CHAPTER 1: Demand (pages: 3 t/m 52) Spain census of population, 1789, lot of population estimations are rough and not precise. Small societies. Not very large growth of population in 18th century. Low fertility or high mortality is the cause of slow growth. So population of preindustrial Europe remained relatively small. more in chapter 5). Normal mortality occurs in normal years. Catastrophic mortality occurs in calamitous years, it far exceeded current fertility. Always drastic fluctuations of population. Needs: depend on population size, geographical factors, and structure of population by age/gender/occupation & sociocultural factors . Cultural factors forbid/duty to do certain things. As long as a person is free to demand what he wants, what counts on the market are not ‘needs’, but ‘wants’. Wants are both expressed by individuals and society but only have limited resources, we have to make choices.Wants become effective demand when they are backed by purchasing power. (expressed by purchasing power). Purchasing power is based on income/distribution of income (public/private) & level and structure of prices. Income and distribution: Incomes can be divided in wages/profits/interests and rents. Preindustrial Europe was a striking contrast between the abject misery of the mass and the affluence and magnificence of a limited number of very rich people. Lyon & Florence 10% of the population controlled more than 50 % of the wealth assessed. Other measurement of wealth: bags of grain. (reserves).Gregory King made accurate calculations of national income, putting to good use all the material h e had available in addition to his personal observations. Poverty and unequal distribution of wealth and income. People with no income at all beggars. In France at the end of the 17th century, beggars counted for 10 % of the population. Most people lived at subsistence level, no savings or social security to help them in distress, only hope was charity. In different European cities, there were different percentages of â€Å"beggars†. Many fluctuations in unemployment figures. In years of famine (hongersnood/schaarste) high numbers of poverty.Income can be earned or transferred. Transfers: voluntary transfers (charity/gifts) & compulsory transfers (taxation). Many people left things behind for charity when they died. Also disasters and feasts served to accentuate charity. When people died from a disaster, their belongings went to the church/hospitals. Besides charity, gambling and dowries were forms of voluntary transfers, they could affect productive activity. Compulsory tran sfers; taxation on the one hand, plunder and theft on the other hand. Theft on low-class people because of: famine, inequality of income. Noble people also: earlier centuries of middle ages.Ransom (losgeld), large transfers of wealth. In early periods, great importance of alternatives to trade. After 10th century, trade expanded and concentrated in cities. (Permanent fairs). Types of demand: Demand for production goods, demand for services, demand for capital goods. 1. Demand for consumption goods 2. Demand for services 3. Demand for capital goods Demand can also be divided into: 1. Private internal demand 2. Public internal demand 3. Foreign demand Private demand: the lower the income, the higher the percentage spend on food (logic). The poorer the country, the higher the percentage spend on food of total expenditures.The lower the income, the more spend on poorer foods, such as bread (stijfselachtig voedsel). Rich people, less amount of total income on food. Symbolic value of food in preindustrial Europe. Rich ate a lot. Somethimes too much. Purchase of clothing was luxury. Epidemics, clothing of deads were passed over, which spread the epidemics. Plagues. People lived in small houses with many families. (rents were very high in large towns, compared to the wages). Milanese Public Health Board issued rules for living, but poverty stood in the way of wisdom. Rich had domestic staff. Low wages favoured the demand of domestic services.Wages only did not represent the total expenditures on them. costs of food/living/heating and other items provided tot servants by their employers. Income not spend on consumer goods and services is naturally saved. Nobody saves to the same extent: 1. Level income 2. Psychological/sociocultural factors 3. Income distribution. Obvious when income is high that there is more possibility of saving. Rich people could invest an amount saved of their income. (Cornelig de Jonge van Ellemeet for example). National saving in England at the end of the 17th century amounted to less than 5 percent of national income.Very unfair divided income distribution. Even though England was one of the richest preindustrial societies, NO high concentration of income. Preindustrial societies were in a position to save only if they succeeded in imposing miserably low standards of living. Flow of monetary income becomes circular savingwill be converted into investment. Hoarding: preindustrial Europe, large amounts of monetary savings were hoardeddid not reach financial market (under matrasses/socks for example). A lot of hoards were accidentally discovered. Hoarding because of fear (robbery and plundering). Beginning 11th centrurydis-hoardingdivine activities.Building cathedrals, helping the poor, religious building. 11th & 12th century financed through dis-hoarding. Investment euphoria. Public demand: Arose from the 11th century, only 5-8% of national income. Before the 18th century public and private demand were different to distingu ish. Distinction: presence of CHURCH as patrimonial & economic entity. Level and structure of public demand: a. â€Å"income† public power (derive from: taxation, public loans (forced), state property exploitation, gain of the mint) b. â€Å"wants† of those in power (war/defense/court/civil administration/festivities) c. he price structure and of the community they control Public powers can increase taxes; income is function of their â€Å"wants†. Public Debt= invention of Italy city-states. Moneys lent to the state by private citizens, mostly forced loans. Citizen would receive interest on the sum lent. Throughout the Middle Ages and Renaissance the public powers managed to broaden the tax base & to raise the rate of taxation. Parties Casuelles were in France the fiscal bureaus. In England and France the revenues of the Crown rose. But also rising prices, growing population, increased wealth.Fiscal privileges for the nobles (adel) hit the poor hardercomplaints! From 12th century sometimes administration was done by noblemen (no salary). A major expenditure of public money were embassies (representation). But military expenditure surpassed by far all the other expenditures. Also medical and educational services rose. Ethical & social valuepaying with public money so that ANY person (rich or poor) could get education or treatments. For example in Milan in 1288 had 3 of such surgeons. 1324 18 of such surgeons in Venice. Education: in the Middle Ages only private education (few).When communes arosepaying teachers with public money. Public schools arose rapidly. After 11the century. Education is investment in human capital. Guns & warships unattractive form of capital, capital goods middle 15th century public expenditure. Demand of the church: Church is important economic entity in preindustrial Europe. Donations from counts/barons, unable to manage land themselves so they donate to church. Very large magnitude of such estates. Before the 11th century. Following centuries nobles/wealthy donate buildings and lands to the church. 16th and 17th centurygrowing size of land holdings.Every now and then , however, church fell upon hard times in which bad administration affected property Reformation was worst period before 18th century. dissolution (ontbinding) of monasteries. A lot of monasteries (kloosters). By 1550 nothing was left of English monasteries, all possessions dispersed. Lots of income for Crown (benefit from sales). ReformationLombardy(-ije) before countries affected by Reformation. Reformation cuts into further growing of lands & possessions of church. The distribution of wealth within the church reflected the unequal distribution of wealth in society as whole.Foreign demand: Network of exchanges with other economic systems (goods/services/wealth/capital & metals). Import/Export = foreign trade. Exports are the response to foreign demand. Demand largely on food and textiles. End 16th century, clothes 80% English export. High transportation costsquality products, well do could afford these products. Industrial revolution made it possible to buy foreign made products easier. Import/Export could be measured by total GDP. (GNP). England best country with statistics on foreign trade. Henry VII (15th centrury) 300. 000. 17th century 9,5 million, increase in volume foreign trade.In Portugal, ancient manufacturers destroyed. Trade consequences depend on qualitative structures of certain trade. CHAPTER 2: The factors of production (pages; 53 t/m 96) Input is made up of factors called â€Å"factors of production†. Labor (ARBEID): divide people in consumers/producers & ages of people. Preindustrial 1/3 under 15. 60% 15-60 years old before 19th century. Difference between preindustrial & industrial societies = composition of dependent population (consumers but NOT producers). Nowadays productivity is very high, ratio of dependency 50-65%. Preindustrial: work till dead, start younger than 15.Chil d labor fields; summer. Bad treatment + female labor (agricultural/spinning/weaving). Wet nurse: sells food (mother’s milk) & cares for infant (service). Of economical and social importance. Sectors of activity: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary. Primary: Agricultural; low productivity, high % of total people worked in Primary sector not all sunk, kill and eat it, very vulnerable†¦ Working Capital: consists of stocks and inventories. (raw materials, semi-finished goods, finished goods). Stocks of foods, spared from consumption capital. Creating stocks costs money. Nowadays: ratio working capital to fixed capital is reduced. 2012, doomsday preppers however still exist;-)). Working capital is continually turned over. Continually coming back for reinvestment disinvestment is easier. STOCKS can be sold. QUESTIONL: Why low levels of production of preindustrial societies and a vicious circle of poverty? investment was so limited because opportunities for productive investment were extremely limited. Not so much because of poor potential of saving. Natural resources (NATUUR): non reproducible capital. Not infinite!!!! Land is a natural resource. Mineral deposits of: silver, gold, tin, copper, iron, etc.Medieval people were conscious about pollution more than during Industrial Rev. (Pitcoal). Forestsrules of cutting and planting trees. Later the rules became less important to the Europeans (during M. A & Renaissance). A lot of brick and marble in Italian culture because they exhausted their forests very early. Energy of water and wind for land-based activities (used on the spot), so manufacturers were located were mills could be build. Organization: labor, capital and natural resources must be combined in organizational forms which vary according to technology, the size of markets and the types of production.Different forms of organization can coexist. Preindustrial manufacturing was concentrated on the workshop. Craftsman. Dependent on who gave order (merchant s with warehouses). Mining and shipbuilding sectors. Modern capitalism manufacturing or trading sectorsled to modern capitalism. CHAPTER 3: Productivity and Production (pages; 97 t/m 114) Production is the outcome of all individual and social choices acting on both the demand and the supply side. Labor, capital and natural resources are INPUTS of production. Output emerges from their combination of use. Determinants: better education, economies of scale, technological development, etc.Entrepreneurial activity is a necessary ingredient, but not a sufficient one+ human vitality of whole society. Medieval and Renaissance productivity levels: technological progress. Agriculture (Slicher van Bath): between 1200 and 1700, grains yielded per seed planted rose. Fluctuation because natural resources, poor control over forces of nature. Animals poor fedless milk from cows, little meat. Weavers : low labor productivity meant that production processes were labor-intensive. Building industry: li ttle improvement on productivity. Other sectors noticeable improvements during MA & Renaissance. Gutenberg 1440: printing press (drukpers).The main reason for productivity gain was technological progress. Still low compared to industrial society. Not only quantity is important n measuring productivity, quality also important, but less records available. Positive production: greatest part of production in preindustrial Europe: food, textiles, buildings and domestic services. The: foreign trade. Many people produced locally. Negative production: the deliberate destruction of men and whealth & pollution and the destruction of the environment. Destruction of men and wealth for political or religious reasons. Assasins, Arsonist, Bomb-throwers. War!! -> Labor (the military) and capital (weaponry) with the avowed intention of destroying. Industrial army greater destructive power. Preindustrial: scarcity of capital. Plague destroyed men, not capital. Livestock killed, acres burned, vineyard s destroyed. a. destruction of natural resources b. pollution of the environment with the waste products of consumption c. pollution of the environment with undesirable by-products of productive activities d. damage to the health of those engaged in production In preindustrial societies less capacity for negative production. But even preindustrial societies managed to mismanage. 6th century increased use of coal in England. Domesticindustrial. (Fumifugium 1661. J. Evelyn). Miners, Gilders, Potters, Sulfur workers, Tanners, Glass-workersconcern for working conditions of labor. Part II CHAPTER 4: The Urban Revolution: The Communes (pages; 117 t/m 122) After fall down Roman empire, cities fell with it. Economic decline. North improved position, contact with south. Muslim invasion. Depressed and depressing world, rise of cities between the 11th and 13th centuries represented a new development, which changed the course of history. Differences between parts of countries and countries. Mas sive migratory movement.Towns grew because populations grew, high fertility & people from rural areas to cities. Migration: push & pull factors. Town was a place for innovation, economic and social advancement. Nobles took residence in the city (Italy). Cities became seats and centres of the power of the triumphant bourgeoisie. Citie WALLS. (protection). Towns were very different in medieval and renaissance period. Emegence of towns was a social and cultural revolution. Unique personal status for people living in cities. Burgers†¦ Italian cities attack and conquer the surrounding territory ( conflict with central power of Empire).Germans not!! France got a monarchy very soon. England, cities developed slower, very few revolutionary characteristics. Horizontal arrangements, co-operation among equals: university, fraternity, gildthe commune were the institutions created by the new outlook and which reflected new ideas. QUESTION: How did cities emerged from a portus (Belgian histo rian) beside a feudal castle of rising again from the foundations of a Roman town, was core of new society. Between 11th & 13th century. CHAPTER 5: Population: Trends & Plagues (pages; 123 t/m 136)Beginning new millennium, thin scattered population 35 million total. 1000-1400 population grew. Black dead came back in 1348, wiped out people. Also: wars, famines & epidemics struck again. En of 15the century 80 million. 16th century substantial growth. Beginning 17th100 million. Population of preindustrial Europe remained young and small. High fertility and high mortality. Marriage: manay people lived in celibacy (celibatair). Avoided for economic reasons. Age of marriage differs from time, class and country. Average age marriage around 25. Many people which DID married made it up for the unmarried.Number of children born still very high. High fertility because of youthful age structure and high mortality. QUESTION: Which types of mortality can be distinguished? Normal and catastrophic mortality. Normal mortality happens to occur in normal years. free from calamities (infants and adolescents) but WITH poverty.. While catastrophic mortality also took adults. Preindustrial societies were very vulnerable to calamities of all sorts. (WARS, FAMINES, PLAGUES (EPIDEMICS)). People literally died of hunger. Famines contributed directly to increase in mortality but also indirect by encouraging epidemics.Epidemics contributed most to the frequency and the intensity of catastrophic mortality. Balck Dead 1348. But also evey year an epidemic. Tyfus, bacteries, plaag, etc. Low growth rates. Begin 14th century several areas overpopulated, to prevailing levels of production and technology. Demographic growth big, public health development small! Effects of epidemics on given population are determined not only by the # people killed, but also by distribution of age (fertility). Normal mortality usually lower than fertility, but after a catastrophe start all over again. Citites surv ived because of flow from country to city.Epidemics after 18th century subsided. Pandemics. Mortality no longer assumed catastrophic proportions. Disappearance of plague after 17th century. Reasons: better building, burying corpses, disappearance of black rat? –> onverdedigbaar! BUT: ecological revolutiondemographic revolution, due to technological and economic achievements of western Europe. CHAPTER 6: Technology (pages; 137 t/m 159) Technological developments 1000-1700: Romans ->Watermills, slave labor (cultural reasons for development stagnations). BUT: we always think of machinery as we think of technology.Romans were very good in : organization of military, administration, architecture, road construction). Main technological developments 6th-11th century: watermills, plough, crop rotation, horseshoe, methods for harnessing draft animals. NOT inventions but increase in USE. All agricultural and strengthen each other. Many horses used, better capital. Alos IRON for equipme nt. Also developments in human capital and water power, watermill used for all kinds of productions. Also Windmillsirrigation end of 12th century. In 1745 a FANTAIL , sails into the wind automatically, 1st example of automatic control in machinery. 300 the compass, more mathematical navigation. Ship as capital greater value. Inventions: spinning wheel and spectacles (BRIL). Beginning 14th century: clocks, firearms and canal locks. Ship building: ship skeleton first during later middle ages. 15th centuryfull-rigged ships, all kinds of winds sailable. Time of voyages diminished + costs reduced. systematic knowledge of winds. Naval guns were build out of bronze. 16the centurycasting iron guns. This before mentioned provided a basis for expansion overseas. Technological innovation: printing (Gutenberg) bible, before printing was very expensive.Press opened up vast new horizons and opportunities in the fields of knowledge and education. Spread rapidly. Spinning wheel China 11the century, Europe 12th century. Innovation: small steps through numerous minor experiments. After the industrial revolution modern science. Windmill originally Persianvertical axis, European horizontal axis worked much better. Paper originally Chinesespread to Muslim empire. European paper produced with machines driven on watermills. After 12th century passion for mechanization of all productive processes. LABOR SAVING DEVICES.Mechanical clock for examplefirst measuring time in different ways, from 13the century need for solution measuring time because of mechanical outlook from people. Spread of clock: churches, public buildings, etc. Consequences of mechanization: in a number of sectors gains were achieved + mechanical outlook reinforced more and more. Logical consequence that follows is a mental outlook, which takes centuries to develop. Also feared as a source of possible dangerous disturbances. Scarcity of labor caused by epidemics one factor; but were many more and complex factors. Also mental attitudes and aspirations.WHY Europe so favourable to change? We do NOT know. The spread of technology: 12th – 15th century Italians leas technology invention. 16th-17th century Dutch and English. Through ages; main channel for diffusion of innovation has been migration of people. = migration of human capital. Sometimes things kept a secret when economic interest were at stake. Spread: migration of craftsman to other parts of country or other countries skilled labor migration. Push and pull factors, bad for economy of home country when people moved to other country. Sometimes punishments because of skilled movement.DRANG NACH OSTEN; Dutch people went to east because of fertile ground. Bologna attracted artisans in exchange for privileges. Depends on circumstances if invention takes place in host country of skilled laborers. Qualities that make people tolerant also make them receptive to new ideas. CHAPTER 7: Enterprise, Credit & Money (pages; 160 t/m 182) Enterprise a nd credit: Business techniques; organization of fairs, accounting techniques, insurance, etc. Many techniques developed between 11th and 16th century in Italy. From 16th centuryDutch and English; great trading companies.Lack of productive investment because of hoarding etc. But cities grew and credit developed very rapidly. Sale credit, therefore consumption became higher. Commenda: partnership contractsone or more give a SUM, used by other in business†¦instead of hoarding for example. Some as stock exchange, small and large savings. From 15th compagnia (coastal cities). Inland grew companies better†¦less risks (pirates, bad weather, etc). Involvement of shareholders unrelated to original family marked end of first phase in company history. End 13th century; entries publicly authenticated. Italians: double entry bookkeeping. 6th/17th oversea trade, expansion demand capital. Companies createdEast India Company, stocks and shares. Commenda: not possible without MUTUAL TRUST & honesty in business. Development civil/criminal legislation. Monetary trends: Start 11th century economy + monetary system developed. Middle Ages + Renaissance only coins. Chinese 13th century paper money already. Gold measured in carats, pure measure of gold and silver. Is intrinsic value. During Middle Ages and Renaissance monetary systems progressed. Before 1000- denariuscould work in primitive economies. Silver, 1 coin only.Until the 16th century until the Germans invented a way to mechanize the minting process involving a watermill. Many goods instead of cash (horses, weapons, etc. ) Growing demand for money after 11th century. 2 standards for coins (fineness, weight) !! Extreme: in Germany every prince or individual town strok OWN coins. M=P+(C+S) P:marketprice, M: amount someone brought in, C:charge minter, S:left of worth metal Devaluationsincrease amount in circulation= bring more metal in increase P English relatively strong coin. France unstable (1290) devaluation and r evaluation, economy suffered in France.Also due to 100 year war. Countries coinage shouldn’t belong to a king. Italy different gentler downwards devaluations than in France. Grossi, Piccioli, of denarius new phase with â€Å"multiples† of 1 coint. Bimetallic: system with silver AND gold started in Italy. Supply of metals due to discovery of African coast (Portugese; 1457, cruzado). Afterwards silver founded in parts of Germany, rush towards heavy & chunky coins. Silver â€Å"Guldiner† in Germany. Spanish came back from America with gold/silver = Real of Ocho (Eight). 16th /17th century = intrinsic fineness. 2th century and onward banking activity deposits = intangible = ink. Money. Bankers appeared money changes: intermediaries for public & mints. Depositors/bankers/payees. Bankers always hold certain amount of cash delivered to them in case people want to withdraw it. Just a fraction of total amount in KAS. –>reserve. This is the origin of bank money. In England goldsmiths who collected deposits and created money. Bank money positive development. QUESTION: Were there any economical drawbacks? Many panic, wars, high risks of losing money. Hurry to banks to collect deposits.Not all money was there because bankers only hold a â€Å"fraction† of total deposits. The rest was in investments and loans. Many banks went BANKRUPT. CHAPTER 8: Production, Income & Consumption (pages; 183 t/m 208) The great expansion: 1000-1300: Phase of expansion: new technologies/growth of towns/new sociocultural environment/increased division of labor/monetarization of economy/stimuli to saving, all these factors encouraged economic expansion. 1000- when European development took off, cultivation of land. Fertile land, NEW land. The Christian Reconquista made important progress in Spain. Territory got re-conquered.Drang nach Osten(12-13th century). As the Germans advanced, new cities were founded. By 1300 the movement had slowed down. The German eastw ard expansion was demographic, economic, political and religious in character. Very good land in the east (better capital and techniques brought with them). Expansion to Central Europe, Baltic countries. Everybody in Europe benefitted from it. Untill Ind. Rev. economy remained agricultural. Rebuilding new city walls. As were leading sectors there were leading areas. Northern Italy, bridge between Europe and north Africa. Coastal republics and important crossroads.Seafaring activity was greatly extended. Economic trends: 1300-1500: CHAPTER 9: The Emergence of the Modern Age (pages; 209 t/m 233) 2. Samenvatting Boek â€Å"Arm & Rijk † D. Landes * 1. Ongelijke bedeeldheid natuur * 2. Omgaan met natuurlijke gesteldheid: Europa en China * 3. Europa’s eigen weg * 4. De uitvinding van het uitvinden * 5. De ontsluiting van de wereld * 6. Naar de Oost * 7. Van ontdekkingen tot wereldmacht * 8. Bitterzoete eilanden * 9. Heerschappij in de Oost * 10. Gewinzucht * 11. Golconda * 1 2. Winnaars en verliezers: de balans van de wereldmacht = t/m blz 202 1. Ongelijke bedeeldheid natuur:Invloed van geografische factoren, met name klimaat. Hierarchy betreft gunstig klimaat. Inkomen per hoofd bevolking in rijke landen in de gematigde streken. Onderontwikkelde in tropen of subtropen. Geografische gesteldheid is 1 van de factoren. Eenvoudige rechtstreekse verbanden: klimaat, in warme landen is werken zwaarder, hitte, lichaam. (neem als voorbeeld siesta). Slavernij in warme streken, anderen doen het werk. AC verscheen pas laat. In Amerika al eerder. Klimaatregeling kostbare techniek, weinig armen kunnen zich dat veroorloven. Arbeidsproductiviteit in warme landen lag LAGER.Complexe en indirecte verbanden: Hitte zorgt ook voor verbreiding van voor de mens schadelijke levensvormen. Slakkenziekte (parasieten) , malaria etc. Geneeskunde grote vooruitgang geboekt bij bestrijden dergelijke ziekten. Kolonisten brachten artsen mee, hierdoor inheemse langer leven. Zuigelingsterft e erg minder. Contrast echter nog steeds schrijnend. Tropenziekten + geneeskunde (inheems). Waterregenwoud, veel regen korte tijd, verpest alle vruchtbarheid etc. Uiterste: droge streken. Opslag zou oplossing zijn, maar enorm snelle verdamping. Rampenvijandig klimaatook in rijkere landen, Amerika orkanen bijvoorbeeld.Afrika: sterftecijfer blijft hoog ondanks vooruitgant, ook mede door bevolkingsexplosie. Opvallend verschil in werkkracht en efficiency tussen gematigd en tropisch klimaat. voedingspatroon NOEM EEN DIRECTE EN INDIRECT VERBAND WAAROM WARME LANDEN HET ZWAARDER HADDEN? [zwaarder werken in hitte, AC duur, slavernij] & [hitte zorgt voor verspreiding schadelijke levensvormen] 2. Omgaan met de natuurlijke gesteldheid: Europa en China: Europa: betrouwbare en gelijkmatige waterval + gematigde temperaturen. Voedselvoorziening in handen van mensen met vruchtbare grond. Mediteraanse zee, minder regen, slechtere grond betere bomen en veeteelt.Hierdoor achterstand Zuid-Europa, ook do or culturele factoren. Waarom kwam Europa zo traag op gang na Egypte en Mesopotamiegeografische liggingLigging in wouden/bossen, epidemieen/pandemieen/hongersnood/plagen/oorlogen. Later, technologie om land te bewerken, oorlog te voeren, meer mestmere voedsel, geen wormziekten die China wel teisterden. Europeanen waren gezonder. Echter zeer vruchtbaar slib in oosten. Overstromingen en droogte perioden in China/India. Grote bevolkingsdichtheid, er werd snel getrouwd. Europa pas laat trouwen. China: tussen 1000-1300 verdubbeling bevolking, daarna afname door epidemieen.Steeds meer landbouw nodig om mensen te voeden. Agrarische revoluties. Trokken van noord naar zuid. Uitbreiding graanschuur en enorme concentratie op rijst. Arbeids en waterintensief energiemodelhydraulische samenleving eigen arbeiders, sterke overheid, niet westers. Werd ook tegengehangen. Tijd tot tijd, zonder autoriteit. WAT IS EEN HYDRAULISCHE SAMENLEVING? GEEF VOORBEELD†¦Een  hydraulische samenleving  (ook bekend onder de termen  watermonopolie-rijk  of  hydraulische these) is een sociale of overheidsstructuur, die haar macht ontleent aan de exclusieve controle over de de toegang tot water.Ten grondslag hiervan ligt meestal de noodzaak tot gecoordineerde  irrigatie  of gecontroleerde overstromingen, waardoor centrale planning en een hiertoe gespecialiseerd overheidsapparaat een belangrijke rol gaan spelen. ] 3. Europa’s eigen weg: In de 10e eeuw had Europa net een lijdensweg ondergaan van plunderingen, roof, oorlogen. Noormannen naar zuid-europa en oosterse contreienRussen. Geduchte en wrede plunderaars. Hongaren vanuit het Oosten, bleven niet lang. Hierna, door afwezigheid van agressie kon Europa groeien, mede door ondernemingszin (niet vanzelfsprekend).Tussen oude mediterrane wereld and moderne Europa zit overgangstijdkwam nieuwe samenleving op gang. Orientaals despotisme (alleenheerschappij). Hierdoor niet mogelijk eigen gang te gaan, belemmerde dus de onderneming szin. Middeleeuwen tijd van overgang, Eigendom was recht!!! Europa zag niet toe, reguleerde niet en onderdrukte niet, China wel wat betreft eigendom. Ook despotische regeringen in Europa, maar ingeperkt door de wet. Chinamuren om mensen bij zich te houden, niet overlopen naar rivalen†¦Als er in Europa rivaliteit was tussen landen, goed jegens burgersanders konden ze overlopen.Er ontstonden gemeenten als marktplaatsen. Knoopplaats tot handel met platteland (hogere status). Heersers gaven macht aan stedelingen en buitenluiomdat dat meer oogst opleverde en tevens macht heerser uitbreidde. Middeleeuwen Europa: economische revolutievoedsel, landbouwmethoden, INNOVATIE ipv UITVINDINGEN. WAAROM SPREEKT MEN LIEVER OVER INNOVATIE DAN OVER UITVINDINGEN? [nieuwe methoden stamde al uit eerdere tijden, neem windmill (vertical/horizontal axis voorbeeld OF Ploeg op wielen door Germanen meegebracht]

Becoming an Effective Leader Essay

I have so many ideas of what an effective leader should be that I often feel overwhelmed and cannot imagine how I will become the ideal leader that I want to be. There are many effective leadership styles at my work place. I learn from them everyday. I have also read almost all the modules and sometimes I would read articles on leadership out of the magazines. In my research, I have discovered that there are many different styles of leadership and most are effective, if used in the right situation. What I have taught to myself is how to be flexible. Depends on the situations, e.g. when I started at Weber Mfg, I had to deal with employees who have lost their sense of commitment due to many circumstances. Their self-esteem was low and I strongly felt that my 100% support is very important in building their confidence. I needed to let them know when they did a bad job and very importantly when they also did a good job in order to boost their self-esteem. I do believe if an employee’s confidence and self-esteem is increased, their commitment, productivity and morale will definitely get better. Being a supervisor at WML, I feel that not only, do I have to make sure that jobs are done on time with the quality expected. I must also have a caring, respectful and responsible attitude towards to my team players. I need to have a lots of patience, must be very careful how I would approach in the conflict situations. I believe that â€Å"BALANCE† is the key of success to becoming an effective leader. I am glad; my company has given me an opportunity to take the MLCP courses. It definitely helped me to improve my skills and knowledge on Developing and coaching an effective team. I definitely appreciate the privilege.

Pestle Nike Essay Example

Pestle Nike Essay Example Pestle Nike Paper Pestle Nike Paper Nike is the leading footwear company in the world. PEST Analysis sums up how the companys business strategies fare in the macro environmental level. Nike, Inc. is an incorporated company that designs, develops and markets worldwide athletic footwear, apparel, equipment and accessories. Nike employs both traditional and non-traditional distribution channels in almost 200 countries with primary market regions in the United States, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Americas. Nike has some 20,000 retailers worldwide including Nike factory stores, Nike stores, NikeTowns, Cole Haan stores, and Web sites which sell Nikes sports and leisure products. Nike accounts for 33% of the global market share in the athletic footwear industry. Political Analysis The government must create economic policies that will foster the growth of businesses. Nike, fortunately, has been helped by the US policies which enable it to advance its products. The support accorded to Nike by the US government, particularly in the general macroeconomic stability, low interest rates, stable currency conditions and the international competitiveness of the tax system, form the foundation critical to Nike’s growth. Economic Analysis In economy, the biggest threat for Nike would be economic recession. During recession, Nike’s growth will be adversely affected. The US economy is experiencing a downturn right now. Consumer purchases are slowing down. Currently, Nikes feeling the pinch of the economic recession. The Asian economic crisis also affects Nike since its goods are manufactured in Asia. The labor costs and material prices are going up. Nikes growth is not just affected by the local economy but also in the international economy. A weak Euro and an Asian recession could mean weak sales for Nike. The overall results in the sales generated by Nike in athletic footwear, however, remained stable. The global market makes up for the variances in sales particularly between peak and lean seasons. Society Analysis People are more health conscious nowadays. Diet and health are getting more prominence. Consequently, more and more people are joining fitness clubs. There is an accompanying demand for fitness products particularly exercise apparel, shoes and equipment. Nike is at the forefront of this surge in demand as people are looking for sports shoes, apparel and equipment. Nike, however, failed to foresee problems brought about by a sweatshop expose pertaining to labor and factory conditions at production locations in Asia. This caused bad publicity and declining sales as society and consumers demand more socially responsible companies. Technology Analysis Nike uses IT in its marketing information systems very effectively. Nike applies marketing information systems to the economics of innovation, segmentation and differentiation for most of its businesses. Nike’s leadership status owes in large part to the use of extremely valuable Information Technology, and applying it to every aspect of the product from development to distribution. Nike, being the world leader in the athletic footwear industry, is able to effectively harness its environment to boost its marketing efforts. This strategy has translated into robust sales of Nikes products.

Beliefs About Students Essay Example for Free

Beliefs About Students Essay It is undeniable that the beliefs about students and education have a profound impact on what is taught and how it is taught, just as the beliefs about life have a profound impact on how individuals live their lives. Educational beliefs are revised and refined and over time becomes stronger as they seem to serve us well and prove to be true. Thus, these beliefs ultimately become our philosophy of education. It is possible that every student that enters a classroom can succeed. However, in order for them to accomplish this, teaching should be student centered. Students should be encouraged to understand and appreciate their uniqueness and to be accountable for their learning and behavior. According to Ornstein and Hunkins (2004) Perennialism relies on the past; especially the past asserted by agreed-on universal knowledge and cherished values. Dunn (2005) also agreed that Perennialism is the oldest educational philosophy and is therefore traditional. It is believed that students are vessels to be filled and disciplined in the proven strategies of the past. This philosophy is supported by the realist philosopher John Locke, who was of the belief that at birth the mind is a blank sheet of paper on which the teacher could write knowledge (Tabula Rasa). According to the essentialist viewpoint, there are certain basic or essential knowledge, skills and understandings that students should master in order to function successfully in the society. These are reading, writing, computing and in today’s world, computer skills. Plato, who was the father of idealism, believed that both male and female are equal and should be educated equally. Therefore, the curriculum is the same for everyone and planning to execution of lessons are dominated by the teacher. However, one should not forget that these beliefs are teacher centered and tend to be more authoritarian and conservative and emphasize only the values and knowledge that have survived through time. Learning occurs through experience, Therefore students should be allowed to develop cognitively through experimentation and to reach their own personal potential instead of being shaped into a specific mould. Dunn (2005) cited Immanuel Kant who agreed that knowledge is rooted in the experience of mankind and can only be achieved by an active and exploratory mind, rather than one that is passive and receptive. Carl Rogers also believed in experiential learning. He believed that unlike academic knowledge, experiential knowledge is required to meet the needs of the learner in order to complete important real-life tasks such as learning to drive a car. Every student is different, no single set of learning outcomes is appropriate for all students. Thus a set curriculum will not be suitable for all. Students should be able to determine what they need to study with the guidance of the teacher. This will help them to arrive at their own understandings. Jean Sartre, a leader of existentialism believed that man’s responsibility is vested in man himself. He further stated that people are entitled to be human with dignity and is a human only when he or she is entirely free and accepts responsibility for his freedom. You may be led to believe that students are blank slates and learn based on mainly academic knowledge that has been tried, tested and proven and that all humans are equal and should be educated equally. However, do not ignore the fact that students are taking to the classroom, their own ideas and materials rather than receiving material in class as it is given. Students restructure the new information to fit into their own cognitive frameworks. In this manner, they actively and individually construct their own knowledge. They also are different thus, the same rigorous curriculum will not work for all students. From these facts one may conclude that in order to help students reach their full potential and gain the knowledge and skills that they will require in their daily lives as a democratic citizen of our society, the student centered approach to how students learn must be practiced. Therefore it is recommended that teachers facilitate students instead of being fountains of wisdom. The teacher should help students in their pursuit for knowledge and also help them acquire the communication, problem solving and critical thinking skills which will enable them to be life-long learners. Beliefs About Students. (2018, Oct 24).

Is humanitarian assistance with displaced populations and refugees Essay

Is humanitarian assistance with displaced populations and refugees useful, neutral, or harmful - Essay Example There are several organizations that have been established to look into the issuance of humanitarian assistance to affected individuals of the humanitarian disasters (Slim, 1997). There have been variations in contemporary international relations in 21st century caused by advent of globalization process and termination of the cold war. Struggle for power among states and relationships involving organizations and individuals, have been subjected to numerous alterations resulting in a totally changed international scenario. All these variations have been regarded as a threat to state sovereignty. Domestic and international organizations have come to realize that human rights deprivations are issues that cannot be solely left in the hands of domestic jurisdiction alone (Grossrieder, 2003). In fact, there is more displaced populations and refugees in the 21st century that has led to the formation humanitarian assistance of various kinds. Looking at the happenings and calamities facing the world and various human societies in the 21st century, there has been much work that has been done by Humanitarian Assistance organizations especially in saving and bringing back the joy of life to the displaced populations and refugees in general. Consequently, these organizations (HA) are considered to be useful and not neutral or harmful not only because of the work they undertake as far as Humanitarian Assistance is concerned, but also because of their willingness risk their lives for the sake of displaced persons and refugees in general. The usefulness of HA could be attributed to the need that led to their formation. For instance, the aftermath of the cold war prompted the establishment of the right to humanitarian assistance in different years. First and foremost, the resolution 43-131 that would regulate delivery of humanitarian aid to victims of natural disaster and any other related cause was approved by the UN general assembly in December 8, 1998. A similar resolution